April 26, 2024 How I Passed My CEH— Certified Ethical Hacker Exam Continue reading on Medium » Article posted by: https://medium.com/@onwardsecurity/ceh-certified-ethical-hacker-study-materials-377e7a3b22c3?source=rss——cehv12-5 ——————————————————————————————————————– Infocerts, 5B 306 Riverside Greens, Panvel, Raigad 410206 Maharashtra, India Contact us – https://www.infocerts.com
Domain 2.0 Information Gathering and Vulnerability Scanning Active reconnaissance is an essential aspect of cybersecurity, allowing professionals to gather critical information about potential targets. From discovering hosts and services to identifying vulnerabilities, active reconnaissance lays the groundwork for effective penetration testing and security measures. In this guide, we’ll explore various techniques and tools for active …
2.2 Given a scenario, perform active reconnaissance. Read More »
Welcome to the enthralling world of slot machines, where every pull of the lever or push of a button sends players on an exhilarating journey of chance and excitement. Behind the flashing lights and enticing sounds lies a sophisticated labyrinth of gears, algorithms and psychology meticulously crafted to engage players and keep them enthralled. In this exploration of slot machine mechanics we uncover the inner workings of these captivating devices, shedding light on the intricate components that shape the gameplay experience. From the spinning reels to the dazzling array of symbols and bonus features, each element contributes to the tapestry of anticipation and suspense that defines the allure of slot machines. Join us to reveal the secrets behind the magic, offering insights into the key components that drive the pulse-pounding action of one of the most beloved pastimes in the world of gaming.
Our journey starts in the beating heart of the slot machine – the reels. These spinning cylinders are not merely for show – they are the very essence of the game’s mechanics. Picture them as the canvas upon which fortunes are painted with every spin. When exploring the basics of reels, one must understand that they come in various configurations, typically three or more, each adorned with a myriad of symbols. From classic fruit motifs to thematic icons, the variety is as vast as the imagination. But their function transcends mere decoration. The role of reels in determining wins is pivotal. With every pull of the lever or push of a button the reels come to life, each rotation holding the promise of success or the sting of defeat. The alignment of symbols across these spinning cylinders is what dictates the outcome, with certain combinations heralding victory and others leading to disappointment. Thus, the reels are not just mechanical components, they are the arbiters of fate, the ultimate deciders of fortune in the world of slot machines.
Now let’s unveil the significance of paylines. Paylines serve as the guiding threads that navigate players through the labyrinth of symbols on the reels, ultimately determining the outcome of each spin. However, their influence extends far beyond mere alignment as paylines wield a profound impact on the distribution of wins and payouts. By unraveling the concept of paylines and understanding how they influence gameplay, players can strategize their approach for maximum success. To provide a comprehensive overview of this relationship, let’s look into a table below:
| Number of Paylines | Influence on Payouts |
|---|---|
| Fewer Paylines | Higher payouts per winning combination but less frequent wins |
| More Paylines | Lower payouts per winning combination but increased chances of winning and triggering bonus features |
The variety of symbols adorning the reels is a testament to the creativity and imagination of game developers, ranging from classic fruits and lucky sevens to mystical creatures and ancient artifacts. Among these, the Pirates Plenty The Sunken Treasure Demo offers a rich array of pirate-themed symbols that add depth and intrigue to the gameplay experience. Each symbol in this game, like cursed coins and hidden treasures, carries its own unique charm and significance, unlocking untold riches and triggering exciting bonus features. Understanding the significance of symbol combinations is akin to mastering a secret language, where specific sequences can unlock hidden treasures and pave the way to monumental wins. Whether it’s aligning rows of golden coins or unveiling the elusive wild symbol, the art of decoding symbol combinations is essential for maximizing your chances of success.
Slot machine bonus features are dynamic additions to gameplay and serve as the gateway to enhanced excitement and increased rewards. From free spins and cascading reels to interactive mini-games and progressive jackpots, bonus features introduce a whole new dimension to the gaming experience. However, their impact goes beyond mere entertainment – bonus features have a profound effect on gameplay dynamics. By injecting elements of unpredictability and suspense, they keep players engaged and eager to spin the reels. Whether it’s triggering a thrilling bonus round or uncovering a hidden multiplier, these features add depth and excitement to every spin, ensuring that players remain captivated by the thrill of the game.
Understanding the key components of slot machine is paramount to unlocking the full potential of this thrilling pastime. From the spinning reels to the intricate paylines and captivating symbols, each element plays a vital role in shaping the gaming experience. The reels serve as the canvas upon which fortunes are painted, while the paylines act as the pathways to victory. Meanwhile, the symbols, with their varied designs and meanings, add depth and excitement to every spin. Together all these components create a tapestry of excitement and anticipation that keeps players coming back for more.
By enhancing your understanding of these components you can elevate your gameplay. With knowledge comes power, and armed with insights into how these components function and interact you can make informed decisions that increase your chances of success. Whether you’re a seasoned veteran or a newcomer to the world of slot machines, taking the time to familiarize yourself with these essential elements will undoubtedly improve your gaming. So, as you continue your journey, may your newfound understanding serve as a guiding light, leading you to greater thrills and victories on the spinning reels.
v15 is all about actionability and bringing defenders’ reality into focus — we prioritized what you need to detect, and how you can do it more effectively with detection engineering upgrades, and deeper intelligence insights across platforms. This release also reflects the new expansion rhythm, balancing both well-known and emerging behaviors to reflect how trends and activity are experienced in the field.
For the details on our updates/additions across Techniques, Software, Groups and Campaigns take a look at our release notes, our detailed changelog, or our changelog.json.
With v15 we were aiming for the perfect balance of familiar behaviors you’ve probably seen countless times (e.g., T1027.013: Obfuscated Files or Information: Encrypted/ Encoded File, T1665: Hide Infrastructure), as well as newer, emerging trends. The shadowy domain of Resource Development was expanded to illuminate how adversaries are using generative artificial intelligence tools, like large language models (LLMs), to support various malicious activities (T1588.007: Obtain Capabilities: Artificial Intelligence). And it’s not just about gaining initial access anymore — we added T1584.008: Compromise Infrastructure: Network Devices to capture how threat groups are hacking into third-party network devices, including small office/home office routers, to use these devices to facilitate further targeting.
As outlined in the ATT&CK 2024 Roadmap, we’re striving to make the Cloud matrix more approachable for defenders of all skill levels. With this release, we focused on providing a broader set of defensive measures, resources, and insights for CI/CD pipelines, Infrastructure as Code (IaC), and Identity. v15 features new mitigations and data sources on token protection, along with more specific references to Okta logs. T1072: Software Deployment Tools was expanded to include broad execution of T1651: Cloud Administration Command, reflecting how threat actors are turning cloud native tools like AWS Systems Manager into remote access trojans.
We ramped up resources for CI/CD pipelines and IaC, and made some refinements to Identity, with the expansion of T1484: Domain Policy Modification to include not just Azure AD, but also other identity-as-a-service providers like Okta. T1556: Modify Authentication Process gained a new sub (T1556.009: Conditional Access Policies) exploring how threat actors have tampered with or disabled conditional access policies for ongoing access to compromised accounts. We also expanded T1136.003: Create Account: Cloud Account with additional service account insights.
What’s Next: v16 will feature robust identity and detection updates, as well as the platform rebalancing operations, where we’re focusing on covering a wider range of cloud environments and threats, while making it more intuitive to prioritize techniques relevant to a specific platform.
You’ll find expanded detections in v15 to assist your detection engineering. Previously, we structured our analytics in a pseudo format that was consistent with the Cyber Analytic Repository (CAR). In some cases this was hard to understand.
In v15, we transformed that format into a real-world query language style (like Splunk) that is compatible with various security tools. These upgrades are featured in detections across the framework including some techniques within the Execution tactic.
Our aim with these upgrades, is to reflect the data source itself is the data you should be collecting, and to provide an understandable format that pairs well with every day defender tools (i.e. SIEMs and Sensors).
We have also synced up some mitigations within the parent to sub-technique relationship. Our team has analyzed a list of sub-techniques that had mitigations that the parent technique did not have. In v15, you will find some parent techniques now reflect what mitigations are seen in the sub-technique.
What’s Next: As we gear up for October, we’ll be completing the Execution detections, refining Credential Access detections, diving into Cloud analytics, and restructuring our data sources for better accessibility.
We’ve been working to retrofit major incidents in the ICS space to improve understanding and showcase how ICS and enterprise techniques intersect in each event. V15 illuminates some of the ICS-Enterprise integration efforts, with the release of four cross-mapped campaigns:
· Starting with Triton, the Safety Instrumented System attack of 2017 that shook the petrochemical industry to its core.
· Then there’s C0032, a campaign spanning various utilities from 2014 to 2017, often grouped with the petrochemical incident but distinctly different in nature.
· Next up, Unitronics, a spree that zeroed-in on specific devices and impacted utilities and organizations worldwide. This campaign saw adversaries disrupting device interfaces to make them unusable for end users.
· Fast forward to 2022 Ukraine Electric Power, where we witnessed a glimpse into the future of ICS attacks, with hypervisor features and shared domain access exploited to infiltrate ICS systems and unleash havoc. The campaign highlights key considerations regarding hypervisor usage across multiple domains, and the abuse of native features in vendor software.
2022 Ukraine also spawned two new ICS techniques that are featured in this release: T0895: Autorun Image and T0894:System Binary Proxy Execution via vendor application binaries.
What’s Next: v16 will launch ICS sub-techniques, along with a structured cross-walk to enable mapping between deprecated and new techniques. We’ll also be releasing new asset coverage and updates on our exploration into incorporating more sectors into the ICS matrix.
With help from our community, this release incorporates new techniques, including — exploiting software vulnerabilities for initial access and adversaries performing active and automated discovery for the lowdown on your network setup — and incorporated fresh software and groups. We also added a new mitigation to the Mobile matrix, M1059 Do Not Mitigate (for Mobile) as a sneak peek to the new mitigations that will be added in future releases. This release also features the first Mobile campaign, C0033, associated with PROMETHIUM (G0056). The group primarily targets Windows devices, however, recent reporting and external contributions demonstrated a shift to mobile exploitation on Android and iOS devices.
We added in Mobile techniques to existing Groups and Software to illuminate the shift to include mobile exploitation. This includes building out the APT-C-23 (G1028) profile, mirroring this South American threat group’s targeting of Android and iOS devices, and recording how BITTER (G1002) has distributed malicious apps via SMS, WhatsApp, and various social media platforms.
What’s Next: In the coming months, we’ll be rolling out more structured detections, and boosting proactivity across Mobile by evaluating incorporation of pre-intrusion techniques, like active and passive reconnaissance, and acquiring or developing resources for targeting.
We’re working towards better reflecting the threat landscape by infusing the framework with more cybercriminal and underreported adversary activity. This release showcases new cybercriminal operations and highlights Malteiro, a criminal group believed to be based in Brazil. They are known for operating and distributing the Mispadu/URSA banking trojan through a malware-as-a-service model. Banking trojans, a notorious threat in Latin America, are increasingly spreading their chaos across borders, courtesy of malware developers selling tools to overseas operators. Malteiro’s operations exemplify this targeting shift, evident in a recent campaign affecting European entities across various sectors.
What’s Next: We’ll continue conducting thorough assessments of Groups, Software, and Campaigns to up the framework realism quotient and provide clearer insights into adversary activities. We’re also teaming up with ATT&CK domain leads to expand coverage of cross-domain intrusions.
We’ve been working towards our goals of enhancing Navigator’s usability and streamlining processes for ATT&CK Workbench. Most importantly, we’re taking our TAXII server to new heights, and by December 18, we’ll be retiring the TAXII 2.0 server and transitioning to the upgraded TAXII 2.1 version. You can locate the documentation for the TAXII 2.1 server in our GitHub repository.
What’s Next: We’ll be continuing to enhance usability on ATT&CK Workbench and Navigator, and building towards swifter Groups and Software releases. Mark your calendars to update the URLs for TAXII 2.1 clients to connect to https://attack-taxii.mitre.org instead of https://cti-taxii.mitre.org!
We’re always on the lookout for field reports and insights from those of you on the ground. Your observations play a crucial role in improving ATT&CK’s tactical utility — so remember, if you see something, contrib something. Curious about how a contribution becomes a technique? Check out our video that walks you through the process.
If you’re interested in contributing to ATT&CK’s overall autonomy, flexibility, and free services, you can find more details on our Benefactor page. We are deeply grateful to our initial cohort of benefactors, SOC Prime, Tidal Cyber, and Zimperium, for their generous support.
©2024 The MITRE Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited 24–00779–3.
ATT&CK v15 Brings the Action was originally published in MITRE ATT&CK® on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
Domain 2.0 Information Gathering and Vulnerability Scanning In the world of cybersecurity, information gathering and vulnerability scanning form the foundation of successful penetration testing. This blog post will explore the intricacies of passive reconnaissance, enumeration, open-source intelligence (OSINT), website reconnaissance, and more, drawing insights from the Comptia Pentest+ certification. Passive Reconnaissance DNS Lookups Social Media …
2.1 Given a scenario, perform passive reconnaissance. Read More »
Domain 1.0 Planning and Scoping In the dynamic world of cybersecurity, ethical hacking has emerged as a critical tool in safeguarding digital assets and infrastructure. Ethical hackers, also known as penetration testers, play a pivotal role in identifying vulnerabilities before malicious actors exploit them. However, ethical hacking isn’t just about using technical skills; it requires …
Domain 1.0 Planning and Scoping In the realm of cybersecurity, scoping is a fundamental aspect of penetration testing, defining the boundaries and objectives of the assessment. In this blog post, we will explore the importance of scoping and organizational/customer requirements, along with relevant standards, methodologies, rules of engagement, environmental considerations, and methods to validate the …
1.2 Explain the importance of scoping and organizational/customer requirements. Read More »
Domain 1.0 Planning and Scoping In the realm of cybersecurity, adherence to Regulatory Compliance standards is paramount. Organizations must ensure their systems are not only secure but also compliant with various regulations to protect sensitive data and mitigate risks effectively. In this blog post, we’ll delve into the crucial aspects of governance, risk, and compliance …
1.1 Compare and contrast governance, risk & compliance concepts compliance concepts Read More »
In today’s digital era, we forgot about sending letters to our friends; nowadays, we have emails. As cybersecurity experts, we have lots of encounters with suspicious target emails, sometimes during red teaming for information gathering we also need to go offensive to extract details of a person from e-mail address. Usually we analyze metadata, tracing the email’s journey through servers to pinpoint its origin. Then, we analyze the sender’s identity or other information, checking if their are signs of impersonation or phishing. Next, we carefully examine the email’s content for malicious links or attachments. But that is a manual process and seems very boring for a lazy person.
If we have a OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) tool, then manually checks? Today on our deck we have an OSINT tool called Mosint (did this name came from Mail OSINT?). Mosint is an automated email OSINT tool written in Go language that allows us to investigate for target emails in a fast and efficient manner. It consolidates numerous services, enabling security researchers to swiftly access a wealth of information.
Now it’s time to install Mosint on our Kali Linux system. Here we are using Kali Linux system but on the same way we can install it other Debian-based Linux distributions.
It is on the Go language so first we need to install Go language on our system by using following command:
The above command will install Golang on our Kali Linux system, as we can see in the following screenshot:
If this method of installing Golang isn’t working then we can install it manually by following our old article about installing Golang on Kali Linux system.
Now we have installed Golang on our Kali Linux system and now we are all set to install Mosint. We can clone it from GitHub and install it but that thing we did on all GitHub cybersecurity tools. What if today we do something different. Today we are gonna install and run it via Docker. Now a Docker container is a lightweight, portable, self-sufficient package that includes all necessary components to run program. We already have a dedicated article on Docker.
Docker comes pre-installed on Kali Linux’s almost all versions but in case we need to install it we can run following command:
in the following screenshot we can see that we already have docker on our system.
Now we can easily install Mosint on our system via docker by simply using following command:
We can see the process of above command on the following screenshot:
It may take a minute depending on our internet speed and system configuration. After the setup is complete we run the Mosint tool via Docker. First let’s check the help options via following command:
In the above command first we use sudo command to run Docker as the superuser or root user otherwise it will show us “permission denied” issue. Then we call Docker and command it to run run Mosint then we can use Mosint’s flags to use it, as example here we used the –help flag to see what we can do with Mosint, as we can see in the following screenshot:
Let’s not wasting anymore time and run it against an e-mail address. So the command will be as following:
In the place of [email protected] we need to put our target e-mail id. Here for example we choose our business e-mail address and we can see the output on the following screenshot:
On the following screenshot we can see the result:
Mosint can check various services to gather information of an e-mail id. On the above screenshot we can see various details like It’s not a disposable mail address, IP address of mail service provider, Social media account information (yes we don’t have any with this mail), and even Google search results.
There are lot’s of functions are in this Mosint tool. It also uses some online services like
Some of the above services requires to put API keys on the Mosint tool for details we can check their GitHub repository.
This is the basics to gather information about a target mail id. Previously we need to do things manually and complete the following checklist:
This is how we cybersecurity experts inspect an e-mail. We have try to cover the basic things of it and learnt using of Mosint tool on Kali Linux system. Hope this article will be helpful.
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Cybersecurity has become one of the most lucrative careers in recent years. According to a prominent report, the need for information security analysts is projected to increase by 32% by 2031 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023), and a major recruitment platform indicated that cybersecurity professionals in the United States earn an annual salary above…
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